Journal: Metabolism

Title: The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Key Finding: This paper outlines the multiple-hit model of fatty liver progression. It proves that accumulated triglycerides in the hepatocytes undergo lipid peroxidation, which shifts the fat from a passive storage mechanism into an active source of inflammatory cytokines. This stress directly results in hepatocyte injury, releasing the enzymes ALT and AST into the blood, and raising ferritin as a systemic marker of inflammation.

Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26823198/#:~:text=The%20multiple%2Dhit%20pathogenesis%20of,1%20%2C%20Emmanuel%20A%20Tsochatzis%202

The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Elena Buzzetti ¹, Massimo Pinzani ¹, Emmanuel A Tsochatzis ²

Affiliations Expand

• PMID: 26823198
• DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.12.012

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly prevalent and represents a growing challenge in terms of prevention and treatment. Despite its high prevalence, only a small minority of affected patients develops inflammation and subsequently fibrosis and chronic liver disease, while most of them only exhibit simple steatosis. In this context, the full understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is of extreme importance; despite advances in this field, knowledge on the pathogenesis of NAFLD is still incomplete. The ‘two-hit’ hypothesis is now obsolete, as it is inadequate to explain the several molecular and metabolic changes that take place in NAFLD. The “multiple hit” hypothesis considers multiple insults acting together on genetically predisposed subjects to induce NAFLD and provides a more accurate explanation of NAFLD pathogenesis. Such hits include insulin resistance, hormones secreted from the adipose tissue, nutritional factors, gut microbiota and genetic and epigenetic factors. In this article, we review the factors that form this hypothesis.

Keywords: Gut microbiome; Insulin resistance; Lipotoxicity; Metabolic syndrome; PNPLA3.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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